Genomic Signatures of Environmental Adaptation in Pakistani Flora: Nutrient Use Efficiency Under Drought and Submergence Stress
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64229/e9fdsb74Keywords:
Abiotic Stress, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Genomic Adaptation, Drought Tolerance, Submergence Tolerance, Transcription Factors, Pakistani Flora, Climate-Resilient Crops, Omics Technologies, Sustainable AgricultureAbstract
Pakistan's unique agro-climatic conditions, characterized by high temperatures, water scarcity, and periodic flooding, have created diverse environmental pressures on its native flora. This comprehensive review examines the genomic features and molecular mechanisms underlying drought and submergence tolerance in Pakistani plant species, with particular emphasis on nutrient use efficiency (NUE). Through multi-faceted analysis integrating transcriptomic studies, genome-wide associations, proteomic profiling, and physiological investigations, we identify key genetic determinants that enable plants to maintain nutrient homeostasis under abiotic stress conditions. Extended research on Pakistani cotton varieties reveals complex stress-responsive transcription factor networks (e.g., DREB, HSP, GhWRKY41) that coordinate both stress tolerance and nutrient acquisition pathways. Comprehensive studies on rice cultivars demonstrate adaptive variation in genes regulating root architecture, nutrient transporters, and hormone signaling under fluctuating water availability. The integration of conventional breeding with next-generation genomic technologies is accelerating the development of climate-resilient crops with improved nutrient efficiency for sustainable agriculture. This synthesis provides valuable genomic insights and practical frameworks for future crop improvement strategies addressing climate change challenges, with specific implications for agricultural sustainability in South Asia.
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